Positive Health Online

Abstract

CHELCHOWSKA and COLLEAGUES, Screening Test Department, Institute of Mother and Child, ul. Kasprzaka 17A, 02-211 Warsaw, Poland. mchelchowska@yahoo.com  estimated the effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on oxidative damage and antioxidant defence in matched samples of maternal blood and cord blood.

Background

Methodology

Healthy, pregnant women (n=140) were divided into non-smoking and smoking groups according to the concentration of cotinine in serum and urine. Oxidative damage was measured through levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma antioxidant status was evaluated by measuring concentrations of total radical trapping parameters (TRAP) and selected antioxidants (beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin E, uric acid). Statistical analysis was done using the SAS System for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

Results

In the course of pregnancy the concentration of MDA increased, but to higher values in smoking women than in non-smoking ones. It was accompanied by significantly lower TRAP in the smoking group than in the controls (p<0.05). Plasma concentration of uric acid (p<0.05) and antioxidant vitamins E (p<0.01), A and beta-carotene (p<0.0001) were all reduced in smokers as compared with non-smoking pregnant women especially in the third trimester. Concentration of MDA in plasma of cord blood of newborns of smoking mothers was significantly higher (p<0.01) but the antioxidant defence was lower (p<0.0001) than in non-smoking ones. It was particularly pronounced for beta-carotene (32%; p<0.0001) and vitamin A (28%; p<0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between MDA and TRAP levels of maternal plasma (non-smoking and smoking: r=-0.50, p<0.0001) and cord plasma (non-smoking: r=-0.54, p=0.0057; smoking: r=-0.71, p=0.0004) in all the study subjects. Total antioxidant status positively correlated with concentrations of uric acid and vitamin E in non-smoking and smoking mothers as well as their newborns.

Conclusion

Tobacco smoke enhances lipid peroxidation and depletes antioxidant potential in the plasma of pregnant women and umbilical cord blood. Therefore smoking during pregnancy may stimulate free radical damage in the mother and the growing foetus.

References

Chelchowska M, Ambroszkiewicz J, Gajewska J, Laskowska-Klita T and Leibschang J. The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on plasma oxidant and antioxidant status in mother and newborn. Source European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology. 155(2):132-6, Apr 2011.

Comment

The above research adds more evidence of how smoking may damage the mother and foetus.